Chemical Composition of Crude Extract from Wood Apple Tree Bark (Feronia limonia (L.) Swing) with Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Abstract

This study aimed to extract and identify preliminary phytochemical constituents and isolate major compounds using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) from extracts obtained using solvents of varying polarity: water, and 50%, 75%, and 95% ethanol. The 75% ethanol extract yielded the highest amount of crude extract, followed by 95% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and water. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that coumarins were present in the 50%, 75%, and 95% ethanol extracts; saponins were detected in the 50% ethanol and water extracts; alkaloids were found in the 75% and 95% ethanol extracts; and tannins were identified only in the 95% ethanol extract. Based on these results, the 95% ethanol extract was selected for further analysis using GC-MS. The analysis identified key coumarin compounds, including furocoumarin (1.31%), xanthotoxin (1.95%), bergapten (1.92%), seselin (0.76%), isopimpinellin (2.89%), marmesin (7.42%), and 7-geranyloxycoumarin (35.80%). These coumarins are known bioactive compounds with reported antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties.