Development of a Solar-Powered Multi Parameter Water Quality Monitoring Prototype with Integrated Battery Monitoring for Smart Agriculture

Abstract

The objective of this study was to design and implement a prototype for an automated water quality monitoring system integrated with a solar powered charging unit, a filtration system and battery status monitoring. The system incorporates a multi parameter sensor array and an energy monitoring module controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller, enabling real time data acquisition and transmission to a customized web dashboard for immediate analysis. Experimental results demonstrated high measurement reliability with sensor accuracy rates of 88.43% for potential of hydrogen (pH) and 95.54% for electrical conductivity (EC). The results also showed that all measured water quality parameters after treatment by the prototype were significantly improved compared with those of untreated water (p≤0.05). Specifically, treated water showed increased pH and reduced turbidity, EC and total dissolved solids (TDS) indicating its suitability for agricultural applications.